2026 "Cone of Uncertainty" Update & Refresher

Anyone who lives on or near a hurricane-prone coast is undoubtedly familiar with the track forecast cone or "cone of uncertainty" which has been produced by the National Hurricane Center since 2002.  It begins as a point at the current position of a tropical cyclone and expands to show the potential position of the storm's center in the next five days. It is often called the "cone of uncertainty" because the further out in time you go, the more uncertain the forecast becomes... and it tends to look like a cone!

(By the way, "tropical cyclone" is a blanket term that refers to tropical depressions, tropical storms, and hurricanes.)

A "cone of uncertainty" for Hurricane Irma (left) and Hurricane Harvey (right). Both cones are from 2017 and are therefore identical to each other in their construction. 

The size of the cone is fixed for every forecast of every storm during an entire hurricane season, but the size slowly evolves from year to year. If the storm is moving quickly, the cone will appear more elongated and if the storm is moving slowly, the cone will appear more compact... but it's the exact same cone.  The examples shown above are from Irma (left) and Harvey (right); both storms occurred in 2017, so both cones are identical in their construction.

The cone is updated each year prior to the start of hurricane season, and it usually shrinks each year.  Overall, hurricane track forecasts are gradually improving, meaning that in general, there is less uncertainty where a storm will track now than there was a couple decades ago.

The map below shows a sample satellite image with the new 2026 cone overlaid on the 2015 and 2004 cones for comparison.  In 2026, the cone is the smallest it has ever been at days 2-4 and then tied for the smallest at 1 and 5 days! The largest improvement over last year's cone is at the 2-day lead time, with a 7.4% reduction in size.

So just how is the size updated each year?  The National Hurricane Center uses its own track forecast errors over the previous five years to calculate a circle at each "lead time" (1 day, 2 days, ... 5 days).  The size of that circle is designed to enclose the position of the storm's center with 2/3 probability, meaning that there's historically a 1/3 chance the storm will track outside the circle at that time.  Lines connecting the various circles complete the shape of the cone. [Note that the 2026 cone size is thus determined from track errors during the 2021-2025 seasons.]

This next chart shows the evolution of the cone's size at each forecast day -- it's clear that progress is slowing and perhaps has reached a limit at some forecast lead times.

Improvements are getting increasingly challenging to achieve because there can never be a perfect forecast of a chaotic system like the atmosphere. We call this a "limit of predictability", and there will come a time when we reach it and meaningful improvements can no longer be made.  Some would argue we are very close to that limit.  It's critical to understand that forecasts evolve and there is always some amount of uncertainty in them.

Since the cone is so widely used yet sometimes misunderstood, here are some key refreshers:

• The cone does not tell you anything about where impacts will be experienced.  It is NOT a "cone of concern"! Even for a perfect down-the-middle track forecast, impacts such as strong wind, heavy rain, storm surge, and tornadoes will extend beyond the cone. Cone graphics on the NHC website include some of the relevant watches and warnings, as shown in the examples at the top of the post.  Given its positive reception during the past couple of years, tropical storm and hurricane watches and warnings will be displayed inland too, not just on the coast (see this example from Milton 2024). 

• The cone does not tell you anything about the size of the storm.  Regardless of how strong they are, hurricanes come in a wide range of sizes.  Back in 2017, NHC added the latest observed size of the wind field to its cone graphics to help illustrate this (see the Irma and Harvey examples above... the orange and red shading indicates the extent of tropical storm and hurricane-force winds at the time the forecast was issued).

• The cone does not tell you anything about the actual uncertainty associated with the forecast. Since the size of the cone is fixed, it cannot become more narrow or broad to accommodate a more or less predictable environment.

• Nothing magically happens at the edge of the cone. If a hurricane is approaching and you are scrutinizing each new forecast to see if you are inside the cone or not, you are missing the point of it.  It is arbitrarily chosen to be the 67% historical probability threshold... a 75% probability cone would be larger, and a 50% probability cone would be smaller.  Again, it is NOT a "cone of concern"... there is no such thing.

• If you use the cone graphics from NHC, there is some information about intensity provided. At each forecast point, there is a letter written inside the black dot corresponding to a general intensity range: D (tropical depression), S (tropical storm), H (hurricane (Category 1-2)), and M (major hurricane (Category 3+)).  But keep in mind that there is uncertainty associated with the intensity forecasts too!

So, let's imagine what a cone of uncertainty for intensity might look like. Consider this: averaged over the past five years (2021-2025), the mean error in a 1-day forecast is +/- 8.3 mph, the error in a 3-day forecast is +/- 13.7 mph, and the error in a 5-day forecast is +/- 18.2 mph.  But there is also a wide range of values that go into those averages, meaning that there is a small probability of a very large error and a small probability of very small error.

To create the next figure, I simply averaged five years of intensity errors together such that the values listed for 2026 are based on the NHC's intensity errors during the 2021-2025 seasons (and 2025 used 2020-2024, and so on).  This five-year averaging helps to mimic the smooth trends of the track forecast cone, but it is not a 2/3 probability like the track cone. Although not quite as convincing as track, one could make the case that we are nearing the limit of predictability for intensity at several lead times too. 

Next, using a made-up five-day intensity forecast and the average error values for 2026, I created the following chart.  This is what an intensity forecast cone could look like; a hypothetical intensity forecast is shown with the red line and the "cone of uncertainty" is the light red shading surrounding the forecast.

100th Storm Name Retired After 2025 Hurricane Season

During its annual meeting taking place this week in Mexico City, a hurricane committee within the World Meteorological Organization decided that just one name would be retired following the 2025 Atlantic hurricane season: Melissa.  Melissa is the 100th retired storm name in the Atlantic, and it will be replaced by Molly in the 2031 list.

So... how does this naming and retiring work??

Tropical cyclone tracks during the 2025 Atlantic hurricane season, color-coded by Saffir-Simpson category (TD=light blue, TS=dark blue, Cat1=light green, Cat2=dark green, Cat3=orange, Cat4=red, Cat5=maroon).  The track of Hurricane Melissa is highlighted with a thicker line.

The underlying reason for assigning names to tropical cyclones (TCs) is that it makes communicating information about these huge and impactful storms simpler than referring to them solely by numbers or even by their coordinates on the globe.  A tropical cyclone is given a name once the sustained winds reach 39 mph (63 kph)... a tropical storm.

Tropical storms and hurricanes in the Atlantic Ocean started receiving human-sounding names 73 years ago.  After a few years of trying the World War 2-era Phonetic alphabet for storm names, the 1953 list featured all-female "human" names: Alice, Barbara, Carol, Dolly, Edna, etc.

That remained the practice (with a few modifications to the lists in 1955, 1960, and 1971) until 1979 when the modern naming system was introduced in which six lists of alternating male/female names are reused every six years.  In other words, the list of names from 1979 was reused in 1985, 1991, 1997, and will be used again in 2027.  That is why the 2025 list will next be used in 2031.  Those six lists only contain 21 names, as it was felt that there were not enough common names that begin with Q, U, X, Y, or Z to be sustainable.

Trivia 

Q: What was the first "male" name assigned to an Atlantic tropical cyclone?

A: It was Bob on July 10, 1979.

It did not take long to realize that some storms' names were particularly infamous and traumatic because of the death and destruction they caused, and it became the practice to retire those names and replace them with a different name of the same gender and letter (for example, Andrew was replaced by Alex and Irma was replaced by Idalia).

In 1954, three terrible hurricanes put this concept into practice: Carol, Edna, and Hazel.  Since then, and including 2025, there have been 100 names retired.  Since 1979, the names and retirees have been chosen by a committee within the World Meteorological Organization.  The committee is comprised of representatives from 28 member nations that are affected by Atlantic hurricanes, so names tend to reflect a broad range of nationalities.  

Trivia 

Q: What names were retired upon their very first use in the modern naming era?

A: There have been nine, though four of them are from the initial use of the lists.  David (1979), Frederic (1979), Allen (1980), Alicia (1983), Michelle (2001), Ike (2008), Igor (2010), Irma (2017), and Milton (2024).

The process of retiring a name is surprisingly subjective; there are no minimum requirements for the number of fatalities or the economic losses to be met in order to be considered for retirement.  The country or countries affected simply nominate a storm name for retirement, make a case for it, and the committee votes.  It is tempting to construct some objective criteria, but consider the same hurricane hitting a rural stretch of the United States coastline versus passing over a small Caribbean island nation.  In the U.S., such a storm would likely not make a significant or lasting impact, but the small island could be devastated.

The following sequence of charts groups the retired names by various criteria.  The most retired letter is "I" (13 times) and it's not even close.  One might suspect that "I" storms tend to occur at the peak of the season when intense hurricanes are most common, but why wouldn't "H" and "J" be way up there too since they'd likely occur right around the same time?  Instead, "F" and "C" names are the most commonly retired after "I".  Historically (1953-2025), the "I" storm only forms on September 23. Climatology certainly plays some role in this distribution, but luck takes care of the rest. Melissa was the 8th "M" name to be retired.

There's a similar way to count this frequency: by storm number. A tropical cyclone only earns a name when it becomes a tropical or subtropical storm, so the first named storm isn't necessarily the first tropical (or subtropical) cyclone of the season. For example, Andrew was the 4th TC of the 1992 season; there was a subtropical storm in April and a couple tropical depressions in June and July. By modern convention, the subtropical storm in April would be named Andrew and the Category 5 hurricane in August would be Bonnie, but subtropical storms were not given names until 2002. And although K is the 11th letter of the alphabet, Katrina was the 12th TC of the 2005 season (and strangely, the only time the 12th TC was retired!). By this metric, the 9th tropical cyclone in a season is the most likely to get retired, followed by the 13th and then 11th. Those would align with I, M, and K if all TCs got named.

Since storms can affect multiple places over several days or even a week, it can sometimes be hard to assign a date to what event caused the storm name to be retired.  The next two charts simply assign the storm's month and Saffir-Simpson category based on when it achieved its peak intensity.  Not surprisingly, the peak month is September with nicely-distributed drop-offs in August and October.

Rather than showing raw counts, the second chart in this set shows the percentage of each category that ended up getting retired -- if there's a Category 5 hurricane lurking anywhere in the Atlantic, there's historically a 78% chance it will end up having its name retired!  Roughly 45% of all major hurricanes (Category 3-4-5) end up getting retired, and major hurricanes account for 86% of all retired names. (A "major hurricane" is conventionally defined to be one that reached Category 3+ intensity.)

The next chart shows how many names were retired each year.  The most was 5 (in 2005), and 21 of the 73 years had no names retired (most recently in 2023).  I also added a trend line, which is decidedly upward.  Since there has never been objective criteria for retirement, we can't logically blame that trend on evolving criteria.  One contributing factor could be that, on average, hurricanes are gradually getting stronger and wetter due to climate change.  But primarily, there are simply more people and there is more stuff in harm's way now compared to several decades ago, so the same hurricane is more likely to cause more problems today.

There is really no meaningful trend, up or down, in the number of fatalities caused by storms that end up getting retired, but the median number is 60 people (as few as 1 and as many as ~12,000)... I didn't include that chart in here, but if you're interested in seeing it, please ask.

In terms of inflation-adjusted economic incurred losses, there is definitely an upward trend.  The hurricane seasons of 2017 and 2005 dominate the data, but even without them the trend is upward.  The median value of economic losses caused by a retired storm is $7.6 billion 2026 USD (as low as $10m and as high as $208b). By the way, notice that the 4 retired storms in 2017 (Harvey, Irma, Maria, Nate) were more costly than the 5 retired storms in 2005 (Dennis, Katrina, Rita, Stan, Wilma).

Since the practice of retiring storm names is so subjective, the statistics presented here are not simply a reflection of what's happening in nature -- there is a significant human component to it.  And even the human component has components to it: 

1. A storm can be less deadly if more people are able to evacuate or have a safe shelter
2. A storm can be less costly if the coastline and construction are more resilient to hurricane hazards
3. With no objective guidelines, a couple dozen people nominate and vote on which names get retired.  There are several examples of past hurricanes that probably should have had their names retired, but didn't.  Two extreme cases are Gordon (1994) which was responsible for nearly 1,200 deaths and Sally (2020) which caused $9.2 billion in damage (2026 USD). Both names are still in use.

Trivia 

Q: Were there any names retired in 2020, and if so, what will replace them in the 2026 list?

A: There were three: Laura, Eta, and Iota.  Laura will be replaced by Leah this coming season. But here's the tricky part: the 2020 season was so active that there were 9 storms beyond the regular name list, so it extended into using letters from the Greek alphabet for storm names. The committee voted that Eta and Iota from the Greek alphabet warranted retirement, but also that it didn't make sense to retire a letter (this scenario never arose before). So, the entire convention of using the Greek alphabet as a supplemental list was retired!

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Summary of the Unusual 2025 Hurricane Season

The 2025 Atlantic Hurricane Season officially ends on November 30, but the outlook is very quiet out there, so it very likely ended on October 31 this year. Overall, it was a slightly above-average season with some strange characteristics.

This post marks the end of my 30th year writing these updates on tropical Atlantic activity.  During that time, I have written approximately 1470 posts spanning 488 tropical cyclones including 228 hurricanes, 107 major hurricanes, and 56 retired storm names. I know some of you reading this have been following along the entire time, but whether you've been reading these posts for 30 days or 30 years, I truly appreciate your continued interest!

I began writing these posts in the summer of 1996 (prior to starting my junior year of college), and the internet and data availability looked very different then. We were still at least a decade away from social media becoming widely used. I was honored to be asked to write blog posts for the New York Times from 2007-2010 and then the Washington Post's Capital Weather Gang from 2012-2019.

I plan to continue this blog into 2026, but that also seems like a good milestone to wrap it up. The 1996-2026 period spanned many historic storms and events, and 2026 will also be the 100th anniversary of the infamous 1926 Great Miami Hurricane.

Track map of tropical cyclones during the 2025 hurricane season. Storm tracks are color-coded by intensity, and each storm's peak intensity, minimum central pressure, and Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) is listed on the right.

Due to near-record-warm ocean temperatures and a neutral ENSO state (neither El Niño nor La Niña), we went into this hurricane season expecting it to be slightly more active than average. It ended much closer to average than many thought it would, and much of that difference was likely caused by a total shutdown of activity during the climatological peak of the season when there can be long-track intense hurricanes.

There were a total of 13 named storms, 5 of which became hurricanes, and 4 of those became major hurricanes (Category 3+ on the Saffir-Simpson Scale).  The climatological averages of those numbers are 14, 7, and 3. That ratio of major hurricanes to hurricanes this season is interesting -- 4 out of 5 is remarkable. In fact, looking back at the past five decades, 2025 saw a record high percentage of hurricanes that became major hurricanes (80%, compared to the average of 40%). So even though there were not a lot of hurricanes overall, the ones that formed found favorable conditions for significant intensification.

Three storms reached Category 5 intensity (Erin, Humberto, and Melissa), which is extraordinary.  First, over the past century, only 3% of Atlantic tropical cyclones reach Category 5 intensity, so that by itself is a high bar. Second, there has been only one other year with three or more recorded Category 5 hurricanes: 2005.

Enhanced infrared satellite images of the three Category 5 hurricanes at/near their peak intensities this season.  All are shown on the same color and map scale. Left: Hurricane Erin (160 mph on August 16 ~1900 UTC), middle: Hurricane Humberto (160 mph on September 27 ~2100 UTC), and right: Hurricane Melissa (185 mph on October 28 ~1400 UTC).

For the first time since 2015, no hurricanes made landfall in the U.S. The only hurricanes to directly impact land were Imelda (Bermuda) and Melissa (Jamaica, Cuba, Bahamas). And although most of the season was relatively benign in terms of landfalls and impacts across the basin, the season ended with a storm for the record books: Hurricane Melissa. Much more on that later. But one feature pops out when looking at the mid-level steering pattern averaged over the three core months of hurricane season (Aug-Sep-Oct): an anomalous "trough" centered over the southeast U.S. which created anomalous counter-clockwise steering winds around it, effectively directing approaching hurricanes northward well before they had a chance to reach the U.S.

Two-frame animation showing the August-September-October 500 millibar height anomaly and the corresponding 500 millibar vector wind anomaly. 

Shifting away from storm counts, we can look at the Accumulated Cyclone Energy, or ACE.  This is a commonly-used metric that accounts for the overall intensity and duration of whatever storms there were.  One very intense long-track hurricane can rack up more ACE than several other storms.  For example, Erin's total ACE was roughly the same as Andrea, Barry, Chantal, Dexter, Fernand, Gabrielle, and Imelda combined!  Much like last year, it was a very strange season with little to no activity in the usual peak part of the season. Not every year follows climatology!

The chart above shows the daily ACE accrued during 2025 (yellow bars) and during the 1991-2020 climatological period (blue curve).  We saw a slow start to the season until Category 5 Hurricane Erin came around in mid-August. Activity wound down and went completely dormant from August 29 through September 16. The same data are shown below, but as a seasonal accumulation.  The season ended at 108% of average, and the last couple of years that had less ACE were 2022 and 2015.

Now let's take a little closer look at a few individual storms...

Andrea was the first storm, and it formed on June 24 in the north central Atlantic.  While that may sound typical, it was actually the latest first named storm since 2014 (that was Arthur on July 1)!  Over the past fifty years, the median date is June 15. 

Barry, Chantal, and Dexter were fairly forgettable, and then came Erin which formed on August 11 near Cabo Verde. After tracking west for several days, Erin intensified VERY rapidly, going from a tropical storm to a Category 5 hurricane in just over a day. It was also the earliest Category 5 hurricane outside of the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico (map). It reached a peak intensity of 160 mph and 915 mb northeast of Puerto Rico on August 16.

Gabrielle was the season's second major hurricane... it formed in the central tropical Atlantic, then turned north and northeast where it reached a peak intensity of 140 mph and 948 mb (Category 4) on September 23 east of Bermuda.

https://bmcnoldy.earth.miami.edu/tropics/radar/

Next in line were Humberto and Imelda. Humberto rapidly intensified from a tropical storm to the season's second Category 5 hurricane in two days. About 1000 miles to its west was Tropical Depression Nine, which would eventually become Category 2 Hurricane Imelda. Although Humberto's track forecast was fairly confident, Imelda's definitely was not (see blog post from September 27 for a refresher). A landfall with significant flooding in the Carolinas was a very real possibility, as was getting tugged out to sea by Humberto before getting close to the southeast U.S. coast.

In one of the more high-profile and high-stakes Fujiwhara interactions in memory, Humberto and Imelda did approach each other and began to rotate around a common center, their centers coming as close as 465 miles apart. For context, we start looking for potential Fujiwhara interactions when the centers are 800-900 miles apart. Imelda's deflected track kept it far from the U.S. but it did pass directly over Bermuda as a Category 2 hurricane on October 2.

I created the map below to show the interaction between the two over the course of four days (originally posted on October 1). The inset plot shows their tracks in a geometric-centroid-relative framework.

Jerry, Karen, and Lorenzo were also fairly forgettable tropical storms in the middle of the Atlantic.

Then came Melissa.

Melissa began as a tropical wave that left the African coast on October 13. It traveled across the deep tropics and entered the Caribbean Sea on October 19 then finally became a tropical storm on October 21 around 70°W between Venezuela and Dominican Republic. It maintained tropical storm intensity for the next four days, battling vertical wind shear but fueled by extremely warm water.

As soon as the vertical wind shear relaxed on the 25th, explosive intensification commenced. It went from a tropical storm to a Category 4 hurricane in the subsequent 24 hours and kept on going. Even at Category 4 intensity (peak sustained winds of 160 mph), it underwent another period of rapid intensification to become one of the strongest hurricanes on record in the Atlantic: 185 mph peak sustained winds with a central pressure of 892 mb. This made it the third Category 5 hurricane of the season. 

Visible satellite image of Melissa at peak intensity and at landfall on October 28.

And all of that happened while the storm was nearly stationary south of Jamaica. From the evening of the 24th through the evening of the 27th, the storm drifted and meandered around, traveling just 270 miles -- that's an average speed of 3.8 mph... a typical walking speed. Not only was the sea surface temperature anomalously warm there, the ocean heat content was anomalously high (almost record-high when averaged over the entire Caribbean). Had this stall happened almost anywhere else, the storm would have upwelled cooler water from below and weakened, but it was parked over very warm and very deep water for a virtually endless fuel source.

The peak intensity of 185 mph and 892 mb is truly astounding. In my blog post on October 30, I shared these tables of Atlantic records. This first table is for lifetime peak intensity as measured by pressure (left) and wind speed (right). Preliminarily, Melissa is tied for 3rd on the pressure list and tied for 2nd on the wind list.

But when looking at a similar set of tables for landfall intensities (below), Melissa is tied for first on the pressure list and tied for first on the wind list.

Using central pressure as a tie-breaker to bump Dorian down, Melissa is tied with the 1935 Labor Day Hurricane as the most intense landfalling hurricane in the Atlantic. Of course, 1935 was well before we had aircraft, radar, or satellite data, so this was a historic case that was well-documented by aircraft, radar, and satellite.

https://bmcnoldy.earth.miami.edu/tropics/radar/

Melissa made landfall in southwest Jamaica at 1700 UTC on October 28, and both the radar and satellite presentation made it seem like the island was not even there (satellite loop). There was no disruption to the storm from the island until after landfall, and curiously, it also looked like Melissa never completed any eyewall replacement cycles, which would be expected of an intense hurricane over the course of a few days. Those restructure the storm and cause a momentary period of weakening.

Below is an estimate of Melissa's surface wind swath, for the portion of its life that included its landfalls. Although the landfall in Jamaica was by far the strongest ever on that island and the focus of most of the attention, the Category 3 landfall in eastern Cuba shouldn't be overlooked either: it was the strongest landfall on record in the central Sierra Maestra region of eastern Cuba.

Melissa's approximate surface wind swath produced by my parametric model. I use the observed track, intensity, radius of maximum wind, and tropical storm wind radii, and apply a uniform 30% reduction of wind speed over land (the reduction factor should be more over rough terrain).

Finally, I calculated preliminary track and intensity verification statistics of the forecasts made by the National Hurricane Center and a handful of models throughout the season.  I also plotted the NHC's average errors over the past five seasons for reference (black points with dotted line).

A brief explanation of the cryptic four-letter acronyms is in order, since the vast majority of people don't know what they mean -- and shouldn't need to. (By the way, needing to know and understand what these acronyms are and the models they represent is why I'm not a fan of "spaghetti maps" being shown and shared widely on TV and online without explanation, but that's another topic).

• OFCL is the official NHC forecast in bright red.
• Then I'm showing five hurricane-specific models (run only on active tropical cyclones): HWRF, HMON, HAFS-A, HAFS-B, and COAMPS-TC.
• For track, the next two are the GFS model and the GFS' ensemble mean, followed by a consensus of skillful track models (TVCN). 
• For intensity, the next two are the Decay-SHIPS and LGEM statistical-dynamical models, followed by a consensus of skillful intensity models (IVCN).
• Then HCCA is a skillful consensus that is historically heavily relied upon by NHC.
• Last but certainly not least is this year's new Google DeepMind AI model (GDMI).

For track, most models' errors were above the 5-year average, with the GFS global model (AVNI) the worst of the lot. The only three below the average error were the HCCA consensus, the NHC (OFCL), and the leader of the pack: the Google DeepMind ensemble mean (GDMI). This is absolutely remarkable and has definitely caught the attention of many people in the field. This AI model's output was only made publicly available this past June, and it out-performed all conventional models and even beat or tied the NHC at all lead times.

The story is a bit worse for intensity forecast errors. It was a challenging season packed with explosive intensification events, and all models and the NHC had higher errors than the 5-year average. But, we once again see the Google DeepMind model leading the other models, and very competitive with the NHC forecast.

AI-based models are relatively new, but are taking the weather forecasting industry by storm (pun intended). This DeepMind model is a perfect example of that and we will see more and more of them come out. There are some concerns and unknowns with them, but so far the pros outweigh the cons. For a new model to be leading the pack for both track and intensity is unprecedented.

Hurricane Season 2026 begins on June 1, and the first few names are Arthur, Bertha, and Cristobal.  There is one new name on the list, Leah, which replaces Laura after its retirement in 2020.  As you may know, we use a set of six rotating lists for storm names, and the modern naming convention began in 1979.  The 2026 list was therefore first used in 1984, then 1990, 1996, etc.  For a little storm name trivia, this list has had 11 names retired from it over those seven years: Diana (1990), Klaus (1990), Cesar (1996), Fran (1996), Hortense (1996), Isidore (2002), Lili (2002), Gustav (2008), Ike (2008), Paloma (2008), and Laura (2020).

List 6 of the six rotating lists used for naming Atlantic tropical cyclones. The extent of each season's activity is highlighted in cyan. If a name was retired, it's in red bold font and the subsequent replacement name is in green italics font. If a name was retired upon its first time on the list, it's in purple bold italics font (Ike happens to be the only one on this list).

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